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The ecological effects of predator removal have been investigated widely; however, predator removal can also change natural selection acting on prey, resulting in contemporary evolution.
A major challenge for studies in contemporary evolution is the role of epigenetic inheritance.
Thus, traits involved in contemporary evolution may be controlled by only a few genes with major effects on the phenotype.
The pervasive extent of anthropogenic disturbance to salmonid abundances underlines the importance that DDS may have in contemporary evolution of their populations.
For example, Heath et al. (2003) found evidence that fecundity selection in salmon may result in contemporary evolution of egg size in hatchery populations, and egg size is a major determinant of fry size.
Although generally it is assumed that the response to selection relies only on the existence of additive genetic variance, gene interactions may play a central role in contemporary evolution because directional epistasis makes gene effects become evolvable and enables rapid changes in additive effects and evolvability (Carter et al. 2005; Hansen 2006).
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Swiss Style Now, a traveling exhibition celebrating the Swiss design movement in its contemporary evolution, is now on view at The Cooper Union.
Here, we review the theoretical and empirical advances that enable an understanding of links between population abundance and evolution, and evaluate the potential role of such links in salmonid contemporary evolution.
Gene flow plays an important role in the contemporary evolution of populations (Stockwell et al. 2003); however, it also has the potential to prevent adaptation to localized conditions along gradients such as those existing in coastal marshes.
Compared to the expectations of the 'null selection model', the observed population size at our focal experimental site was drastically reduced; this comparison is heuristically informative in showing how ongoing contemporary evolution, in the form of selection against migrants, can play a potentially dominant role in the dynamics of wild populations.
I review how evolutionary concepts and tools, such as fitness gradient in cultural evolution, evolutionary game theory, and contemporary evolution in cancer, can provide helpful insights regarding social epidemiology.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com