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To this end, dispersing agents, together with wetting agents, are added to coating fluids during a pigment-dispersion process in coatings manufacture.
The primary deformation mechanism in coatings made from all three materials was stress-assisted densification of the porous coating.
Such polyesters are used extensively in coatings.
In addition, many of the polymers used in coatings have to be synthesized in organic solvents.
"These products can be used in coatings, lubricants and performance plastics," says Biorizon project manager Murk van Rooijen.
When employed in coatings or adhesives, PVAc is often partially hydrolyzed to a water-soluble polymer known as polyvinyl alcohol.
"We knew that the substance was still used in coatings for ships, but it shouldn't be in textiles that people wear," said scientist Jürgen Kundke.
Other uses for nitric acid not related to explosives or propellants include the production of cellulose nitrate for use in coatings.
Environmental and economic pressures have forced a reduction of solvent levels in coatings and have required coatings designers to reconsider and improve film-formation processes.
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In general, HACC-IN coatings showed a prominent improvement in cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation.
The implications for design of efficient run-in coatings for various systems are discussed.
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