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Does this mean that Neandertals were living in closed forest environments?
Their presence in closed forest communities was more likely the result of their establishment in former large gaps.
Less aggressive birds, who didn't compete as well for these prime locations, wound up settling in closed forest areas with fewer nesting sites.
Most seedlings do not survive in closed forest canopy situations.
As the climate eventually became warmer, the western ravens spread eastwards and outcompeted forest ravens on mainland Australia, as evidenced by the forest raven being only found in closed forest refuges on the mainland but in a wider variety of habitats in Tasmania.
Maesopsis eminii seedlings can germinate in closed forest, but will not mature due to the lack of sunlight.
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As for insect prey, abundance of birds in the diet was also greater in open than in closed forests.
The family Loranthaceae diversified in warm climates, probably in closed forests in the mid-Cretaceous about 70 million years ago (Barlow 1983).
However, magnitude of edge influence (ca. 0.5 °C and 100 Pa) was much less than in closed forests, and woodland interiors were warmer and drier than edges, whereas closed-forest interiors are usually cooler and moister than edges.
Light is a fundamental factor limiting the growth and survival of seedlings in closed forests (Chazdon et al. 1996; Whitmore 1996; Nicotra et al. 1999).
We conducted a study to determine whether an impact zone of 180 m identified for a shrub-oak community in the Rocky Mountain west was applicable in an eastern, closed forest system.
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