In cases of passive leg raising-induced changes in SV >16%, a 250-mL fluid bolus of hydroxyethylstarch (HES 130/0.4 (Voluven); Fresenius-Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany) was delivered over a period of 15 minutes before anaesthesia induction.
In practice, this means that, for example, in case of a passive cooling system based on natural circulation of a given medium, one has to evaluate and to assess the probability to have a medium condition and a flow rate such that a cladding temperature, represented by a probability distribution, can be hold at a required level.
Immunotherapy targeting amyloid deposition in both mouse models resulted in decreased alternative inflammatory markers and, in the case of passive immunization, a transient increase in pro-inflammatory markers.
In the case of passive LX (B in Fig. 1) there is no warning system and/or protection system showing when it is unsafe for the user to cross the LX.
In these populations, highly dispersive individuals would have low survival chances because they incur a high risk of ending up in unsuitable habitat, at least in the case of passive dispersal.
For example, in the case of passive radar, the transmit signal may already exist when the receiver starts working.
In the case of passive processing of elementary somatosensory stimuli, evidence for decreased lateralisation derived from event-related potential studies, is conflicting.
Occasionally, this variability has been observed even in the case of passive (cutaneous) stimulation (e.g., [26], [27]).
In the case of passive whiskers, we consider the case of an object moving relative to the whisker, and measure the maximum deflection angle between the direction of the whisker base and the direction of the object in contact (Fig. 2).
