In case of ML, evolutionary model was inferred by MEGA 6.0 model selection tool, based on Sample-corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc).
As noted by Yarus and colleagues [ 25], falsification tests are especially important when hypotheses cannot be experimentally proven in principle, as in the case of evolutionary scenarios.
Understanding the response to selection is particularly challenging in the case of evolutionary transitions in individuality, because these transitions involve a shift in the very units of selection.
In the case of evolutionary trends generated by heterochrony in dinosaurs situated in the terrestrial environment, the agents of selection are harder to quantify but may relate to "arms races" between predators and prey: as a prey species evolves a larger body size to combat the effect of predation from a particular source, so selection will favor larger predators.
No such progression of intermediate steps seems to be available for inspection in the case of evolutionary explanations of the instinct to make art.
In the case of evolutionary algorithms, the concept of a local optimum is not easy to define, but it is known that GA populations, for example, commonly converge to fixed points or 'attractors'attractors
In the case of evolutionary transitions, this allows us to separate the basic development involved in the origin of a new biological level from the later evolution of sophisticated developmental mechanisms for the "stabilization and maintenance of a new level of reproduction" (2000, 77).
In the case of evolutionary genomics, current efforts are focusing on the identification of all the evolutionary signals encoded in their genomes.
In the case of evolutionary agent based models, a certain number of agents' characteristics are encoded in free parameters (an artificial genome) and optimized using techniques of evolutionary computation, such as genetic algorithms [ 26].
