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In case of distant metastases, patients underwent surgery only to control the hormone excess.
Bone scan, chest, abdominal or cerebral CT-scans were performed in case of distant metastatic disease suspicion.
In case of distant metastases, patients were treated following surgery according to the standard of care of the period, which was immunotherapy.
The phylogenetic tree constructed using the gene order is suitable for resolving the phylogeny of closely related species, but offers poor resolution in case of distant species [ 24, 25].
Since the five-year survival rate is nearly 100% for patients with localized and regional prostate cancer, yet dropping to around 28% in case of distant metastases [ 52], it is important to have a means of accurate staging so that appropriate adequate treatment can be offered.
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In cases of distant metastases there is no well-accepted treatment available.
In cases of distant metastases, higher amounts of I are given in single doses and subsequent cumulative therapies.
The 5 year survival rate of breast cancer patients sharply decreases from 98% in cases with localized primary lesions to 23% in cases of distant metastases [ 20].
Many previous studies have also noted that IL-6 levels increased in cases of distant metastasis, especially hepatic metastasis [ 17, 18].
Locally inoperable squamous cell carcinoma was treated by chemoradiotherapy, radiation therapy alone, or palliative chemotherapy in cases of distant metastases, whereas advanced or metastasized adenocarcinoma was treated by chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.
The US-based CALGB study, comparing lumpectomy plus tamoxifen with and without radiation in breast cancer patients older than 70 years, found only a small, insignificant excess risk of local recurrence in the nonirradiated group and no differences in risk or survival in cases of distant metastases 15.
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