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Temporal change in bulk ash SiO2 content.
We thus conclude that the decrease in bulk ash SiO2 content at the start of the sub-Plinian eruption (Fig. 11) was produced by an increased contribution of 2011 magma to the ash (Fig. 14).
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Multiple ash populations are also apparent in our microprobe and bulk ash layer chemistry.
The SiO2 contents of bulk ash are lower in post-January 19, 2011 eruptions, reflecting lower average SiO2 contents in 2011 ejecta than in past ejecta.
A transition in ash layer composition is observed at ~160 170 mbsf in which the SiO2 concentration of the bulk ash layers decreases with depth, while the TiO2 concentration of the bulk ash layers increases with depth.
The resulting activated carbons were characterized in bulk for ash content, carbon content (elemental analyses), specific surface area, and pore size distribution, and at the surface by measuring the autogenerated pH and studying their structure by XPS.
7) Bulk ash SiO2 contents are lower in post-January 19, 2011 eruptions.
In the SiO2 variation diagrams (Fig. 12), the bulk ash compositions are plotted together with bulk rock compositions of 2011 rock samples (Suzuki et al., 2013) and past ejecta (data originally reported in Tajima et al., 2013, limited to data analyzed in ERI, as in the present ash study and Suzuki et al., 2013).
Bulk ash compositions also showed no significant differences between oxy- and air-firing, except for slightly higher sulfur contents in some oxy-fired ashes.
In ternary diagrams, the bulk sediment commonly falls along a mixing line that can be explained by the bulk ash and a relatively more basaltic component, supporting the presence of dispersed ash in the sediment (Fig. 14).
Bulk ash samples were also analyzed by XRD.
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