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The element TremH was amplified in all isolates we analyzed.
In all isolates, we found at least one of the tested virulence genes (Table 2).
Reference standard is culture-based DST and genetic sequencing (ie both investigations performed in all isolates): We found two studies.
Furthermore, tcdC analysis provides an additional diagnostic tool for these strains because the gene has a 39-bp deletion and a C184T-transition in all isolates we studied.
Finally, the L421P substitution in PBP1 caused by a single nucleotide mutation (T to C) in the ponA gene was detected in all isolates; we saw no alternations in the pilQ gene.
The resulting ML tree (fig. 3) was well resolved and congruent with the tree topology in figure 2. To show that the tree topology is not an artifact of mobile elements that are not present in all isolates, we constructed a kSNP matrix using SNPs present only on core genes.
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However, to the extent that RN6390 has these defects, the more important observation is that mutation of sarA resulted in a significantly reduced capacity to form a biofilm in all of the isolates we examined other than RN6390.
DNA quality and purity was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and diagnostic PCRs revealed presence of cagA, iceA, vacA, glmM, babB and oipA genes in all the Indian isolates we tested.
Additionally, by removing sequences with many ambiguously called bases or without well annotated start and stop codons in all of the isolates, we were actually analyzing just the most conserved sequences, because the discarded ones are likely to be the consequence of a low number of sequence reads mapping to them due to too many mismatches or genomic structural variations.
Multiple mutations were found in all isolates (table 1): here, we focus mainly on the astonishing result that distinct global regulatory mutations were found in each of the five isolates.
To extend the analysis to all the clinical isolates in this study, we used the PCR strategy and primer design shown in Figure 4. To ensure that stx 1a in all isolates was phage encoded, we designed primers to amplify from stxA 1a and stxB 1a (encoding subunits A and B of Stx1a) and 1 kb either upstream or downstream of the stx 1a operon.
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