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In addition to the upstream steps, downstream steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway were also affected.
Second, the chicken β-globin gene domain contains an internal enhancer element in addition to the upstream locus control region [ 12].
Estimation of stable DnaA-binding sequences using the A value in genome sequences of Bacillus species suggests that in addition to the upstream regions of dnaA, dnaN, sda, yydA, and ywlC, DnaA binds downstream of gcp in most bacteria examined.
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Notably, we provide important evidence that maintenance of STAT3 solubility is critical for transcriptional activator activity of STAT3, in addition to the conventional upstream kinase activity.
In addition to the 5′ upstream region, a remote enhancer NBRR is important for the optimal expression of multiple death genes in embryonic NBs (Tan et al., 2011) and grim in developing pupa (Wu et al., 2010).
Taken together, these results indicate that the localization of and distribution of inflammasome assembly is governed by the caspases that are recruited in addition to the specific upstream trigger.
In addition to the promoter sites upstream of the eight identified transcription units, multiple additional sequences conforming to the promoter consensus were found.
Potential regulatory sequences in addition to the SOS box upstream of the upregulated transcripts were also identified.
In addition to the regulated genes, upstream sequence was also obtained for a cohort of 198 randomly selected genes not significantly regulated at any sampling point during the experiment.
In addition to the alterations of upstream activators, genetic amplification of downstream effectors, such as eukaryotic initiation factors 4E (eIF4E), p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinand1 (S6K1), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), also result in enhanced mTOR activation, which contributes to its hyperactivity in human cancers [7], [8].
Secondly, in addition to the increase in the upstream substrate levels for ACMS synthesis, there might have been a shift in the metabolism of ACMS in favour of the non-enzymatic conversion to quinolinic acid.
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