It has been well known for decades that alternative pathways in cell transformation (e.g. changes in cell cycle, signal transduction, metabolism, immune response) via a stepwise progression to final malignant tumors exist [ 1- 4].
Most cancers are epithelial in origin and arise through a stepwise progression from normal cells, through dysplasic cells, into malignant cells [ 34].
A stepwise progression in organismal complexity can be arranged with these and other species of this group, which shows an increase in the number of cells, the degree to which cellular labor is divided between cell types, and the amount of extracellular matrix (for review see [ 2]).
This gene expression pattern has been found in clinical and pathological samples and indicates a stepwise progression of thyroid cancer from WDTC to UTC or ATC [ 24].
Overall, the vHMEC methylome remained stable until immortalization, in which vHMECs undergo a further significant change, indicating a stepwise progression of DNA methylation during HMEC transformation, much like that reported in breast carcinogenesis.
The first thing you hear is a soft, descending octave in the first violins, the simplest of musical ideas, and a stepwise progression up the first four steps of the A major scale – along with a little chromatic agitation - over some serenely, almost ecclesiastically sonorous polyphony in the lower strings.
To test whether the processive motility of the Head1/Neck3 chimera was due to a stepwise progression mechanism, we performed bead assays in a laser trap microscope.
The natural development of nGGO follows a stepwise progression from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS: formerly bronchioloadenocarcinoma), to microinvasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and finally to invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) [ 4].
Kemeny, M. E. & Schedlowski, M. Understanding the interaction between psychosocial stress and immune-related diseases: a stepwise progression.
