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At its hatchery plant in Sayville, Long Island, the oyster seeds are conditioned then placed in a spawning tank supervised by marine biologists and researchers.
While we interpreted these periods as participation in a spawning aggregation, future research should focus on validating this interpretation.
However, a larger sample size is required to more effectively evaluate whether their distributions when engaged in a spawning aggregation are different (n = 12 coastal, 3 frontal, 6,660 observations, P = 0.06).
Cod seem to be present on what might be defined as a spawning ground for a longer period of time than that spent actively engaged in a spawning aggregation.
The DSTs also may have recorded rapid vertical movements during these periods with clear tidal signatures (Figure 1c) that may have indicated participation in a spawning event consistent with published descriptions [42], [44].
The initiation of spawning behaviour was characterized as the point after in-migration when vertical movement was minimized and a clear tidal signature was evident (Figure 1c) consistent with cod behaviour during participation in a spawning aggregation as described in the literature [40] [44].
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To account for biological variation in a spawn we analyzed two pools of ten fresh eggs versus two pools of ten 3-hour aged eggs and the cross comparison of the microarray data show highly correlating replicates (Fig. S1B).
Scientists say the fish can produce 30,000 eggs in a single spawning event, and can spawn as frequently as every four days.
For example, fat-head minnows (FHM), Pimephales promelas, fed MeHg-contaminated diets that simulated concentrations found in zooplankton, invertebrates, and small fish in North America showed a delay in spawning, a decline in spawning activity, and a decline in the number of eggs laid (Hammerschmidt et al. 2002) with increasing MeHg.
The males, for their part, release as many as one million sperm in a single spawning event, and they can participate in several spawnings per night.
As for the great flood of eggs from older fish — as many as nine million in a single spawning — they have vanished.
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