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In single timepoint snapshots, our observations aligned with previous work (Altan-Bonnet and Germain, 2005; Podtschaske et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2013), showing that T cells respond in a quantal manner to graded doses of antigen across various readouts (ERK phosphorylation, IL-2Rα or IL-2 expression, and cell cycle entrance— Figure 1A).
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Given the difficulties in treating established cancers, preventing many cancers entirely would obviously produce a quantal leap in reducing U.S. cancer death rates.
Variability in transmission was calculated assuming no variability in the postsynaptic response to a quantal release event as (5) C V s i n g l e = 1 − Pr N * Pr where N is the number of release sites/active zones at a single ribbon synapse.
Acetylcholine release may occur either in a vesicular (quantal) or in a nonvesicular (nonquantal) way [ 27].
These possibilities can be distinguished by a quantal analysis in which the size of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic potential released spontaneously from the presynaptic terminal is used as a reference.
A value of 2 implied that the students answered correctly, a value of 1 implied that the answer was in the 10% range of a quantal response, and a value of 0 implied a totally incorrect answer.
These relations hold in general on every situation for a quantum state and guarantee the WDF to be a quantal distribution function in spite of its peculiar properties such as its allowed appearance of negativity.
In the current study, we find that the expression of either an exon 1 fragment (Htt93Q) or full-length mutant htt construct (Htt128FL) causes a reduction in quantal size in the NMJ of Drosophila larvae.
An increase in TC-L4 could result from an increase in the quantal amplitude, an increase in the number of synapses between each connected TC-L4 cell pair, an increase in release probability, or an increase in the number of axons contacting a given cell.
(C ) vGlut -OE animals have increased mEPSP amplitudes (p < 0.0001) with no change in evoked EPSP amplitudes (p = 0.08), resulting in a decrease in calculated quantal content (p < 0.0001, n > 12 NMJ per genotype).
(D ) vGlut overexpression results in increased mEPSC amplitudes (p < 0.0001), but no significant change in evoked EPSC amplitudes, resulting in a decrease in calculated quantal content (p < 0.01, n > 8 per genotype, error bars = SEM).
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