Some of the proceeds are invested in building a parallel state: the gangs hand out food and cash in poor districts, and build schools and clinics.Since the 1970s the gang leaders, known as "dons", have had close links to the country's two main political parties.
In particular, a parallel state exploration algorithm using a two-queue structure for load balancing is proposed and its performance analysed at the hand of experimental studies.
Mr Sharif had tried to subordinate the army which in Pakistan is a parallel state, some say the only state to civilian rule.
Mr Erdogan has begun to weed out thousands of Gulenists thought to be embedded in the security services, government ministries and judiciary and who, in his words, constitute "a parallel state".
Erdogan's paranoia has led to a witch hunt for Fethulah Gulen, a former ally and cleric based in America, whom Erdogan believes is running a parallel state in Turkey infiltrating government institutions and looking to bring the system down from within.
He says Mr Gulen, who lives in Pennsylvania, has set up a "parallel state" by putting his followers into powerful positions in the police, courts and security services (Mr Erdogan has just passed a law tightening his grip on the spooks).
The trial is the latest move in a campaign against Gülen, an ally-turned-foe of the president who is claimed to have established a "parallel state" in the Turkish judiciary and security services that orchestrated a 2013 corruption investigation that briefly threatened to engulf the Justice and Development party (AKP) government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
This was the largest single assault on the federal government since Felipe Calderón declared war on drug gangs upon taking office as Mexico's president in December 2006.While rival mobs focus on smuggling and selling drugs, La Familia has quickly turned itself into a much more ambitious and sinister organisation which acts as a parallel state in much of Michoacán.
Mr. Erdogan responded to the corruption charges by accusing Mr. Gulen, who heads one of the world's largest and wealthiest Islamist movements, of attempting to stage a coup and build a parallel state in Turkey.
Erdoğan believes Gülenists in the judiciary and police constituted a "parallel state" that sought to overthrow him.
