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Finally, to calculate confidence intervals based on TMRCA estimates, we use our estimate σt*2 in a normal approximation, as proposed by Saillard et al. [37].
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In this package, when ties are present in the data, a normal approximation with continuity correction is made.
In the absence of such theoretical bounds, for practical purposes a permutation test on observation indices serves as a suitable method to estimate p-values for the MCC test in cases where a normal approximation cannot be justified.
In the case where a normal approximation is not accurate then other approximations to the cumulative probability distribution of the binomial must be used.
Where no access to the missing data was provided, the following methodology was applied: in cases where the mean was not reported, the median was used; in the absence of SDs, interquartile ranges (IQRs) were used to estimate SDs using a normal approximation, and, in the remaining cases, the maximum of clinical trial SDs was used.
On the basis of transmission rates from the lowest TDT P-value SNP in the region, we estimate that the distortion strength in the region is 11.87%, with a normal approximation 95% confidence interval of [7.7%, 16.0%].
In gray, the posteriors are plotted using a normal approximation based on the Laplace method.
The sample-size method in a single-stage Fleming design uses a normal approximation to the binomial distribution, and this helped facilitate the calculations for multiple stage testing.
Using a normal approximation the target standard error is approximately.05.05
Odds ratios for transport were estimated for predictors in the final model, and confidence intervals were computed using a normal approximation.
Over or under expression relative to wild type was determined using a normal approximation test for difference (Z-test) in the binomial proportions of transcripts per million [ 39].
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