In general, single copy genes may occur in two ways following duplicastions: (1) a neutral process in which dosage-insensitive duplicate genes are not under selection to lose randomly in the genome, and (2) the other is involved in selection that dosage-sensitive genes are more likely to repeatedly restore to a single copy, occurring as duplication-resistant [ 6– 8].
The basic features of the model are the hazard shapes seen in figure 2. Nonfunctionalization as a neutral process involves a flat hazard function with a constant neutral rate of gene loss.
In fact, Lynch has suggested that the long-term increase of duplicates from prokaryotes to eukaryotes is initially a neutral process in response to the reduction of population size [ 32].
If, however, smaller genomes do confer a physiological advantage to those lineages, it seems more plausible to us that genome reduction in birds and bats is not a neutral process.
To close the cycle (Fig. 1), CO2 can be hydrogenated back to formic acid resulting in a CO2 neutral process with a high selectivity and high catalytic activity [35].
The results of this analysis suggest that introns invaded eukaryotic genomes at early stages of eukaryogenesis in a nearly neutral process.
General trends have been difficult to identify, and it appears that the chances of a newly duplicated gene being retained in the genome is a largely neutral process [ 76].
Importantly, we gathered from the literature realistic values for these parameters in humans to clearly test whether Y variants could get fixed with higher probability than that expected from a random neutral process in humans.
We show that the evolutionary process at neutral markers in a genome subject to incompatibility selection is well approximated by a purely neutral process with migration rates appropriately scaled to reflect the influence of selection targeted to incompatibility factors.
Unlike Weber, however, Jaspers argued that the construction of world views is not a merely neutral process, to be judged in non-evaluative manner.
