In the absence of tetra-Cys CRABP, FlAsH has a low quantum yield and the cells showed little fluorescence signal.
Therefore, the direct photolysis of CPF in methanol progressed slowly because of the low absorbance, combined with the fact that CPF has a low quantum yield.
The recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in the dark results in a low photo-quantum efficiency of TiO2.
However, the short exciton-diffusion length and inefficient exciton dissociation in a polymeric matrix of OSCs results in low quantum efficiency, which limits their use in many potential applications [4, 5].
The presence of the ferrocene unit in both compounds results in molecules with low quantum efficiencies due to the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) from naphthalimide to ferrocene.
7, 11, 13, 18, 19 We have previously proposed simple mixing of ICG and HSA (ICG HAS) prior to injection because ICG is a small molecule and like blue dyes can pass through SLNs and exhibit a relatively low quantum yield in aqueous environments.
Another main drawback of ZnO is rapid recombination of photo-induced electron-hole pairs, which results in the low quantum yield for any photocatalytic reactions [9 12].
Amino-substituted fluoresceins have a very low quantum yield, so in the absence of Zn2+ this probe exhibits very low background fluorescence.
However, application of this dye is limited by its numerous disadvantageous properties in aqueous solution, including its concentration-dependent aggregation, poor aqueous stability in vitro, and low quantum yield.
This method also results in low quantum yield.
