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I turn now to whether defendant's use of plaintiff's mark results in a likelihood of confusion.
The district court ruled that use of the Challenged Keywords, divorced from the text of the resulting ads, could not result in a likelihood of confusion.
4. Google's use of the Rosetta Stone Marks results in a likelihood of confusion, including evidence of actual confusion, which should defeat summary judgment.
In both Bayesian and frequentist methods, these are embedded in a likelihood framework that includes the instrument 'smearing' ("forward-fitting"), with a prior (or complexity penalty) acting as a regularizer.
Mr. Hiemstra wrote in his Nov. 14 letter that "The News and Messenger has lost money for a number of years under the Media General ownership, and after our team made an exhaustive review of The News and Messenger, we were unable to come up with a scenario that would result in a likelihood of profitable operations there".
This results in a likelihood ratio (Lambda _{text {MO-LRT}} ell) = prod _{r=-R}^{R} Lambda (ell +r)).
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To compare environmental sounds in a likelihood-based manner, a hidden Markov model (HMM) is estimated from the th feature trajectory of sound.
Coevolution was analyzed in a likelihood-based framework using LnLCorr [47].
The optimal model of molecular evolution for the maximum likelihood analysis was determined in a likelihood-ratio test running the computer program Modeltest v3.06 [ 68].
The application of the Bayesian approach with MCMC sampling to IRT models is mainly motivated by the fact that IRT models with complex dependency structures require the evaluation of multiple integrals to solve the estimation equations in a likelihood-based framework.
Directional models were then evaluated in a likelihood-ratio framework by comparing nested models that differed by the inclusion of the scaling parameter λ, which reveals whether the phylogeny correctly predicts the patterns of variance among species for a single trait and, in the case of two traits, for both simultaneously.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com