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They usually include randomization to one of two treatment groups of equal size and target a homogenous group of subjects defined by more specific inclusion and exclusion criteria than applied in a learning trial.
For example, to increase the motivation of male guppies to participate in a learning trial in a recent experiment we rewarded them with a mating opportunity instead of food and found that large-brained males were faster to learn their way through a complex maze to find the females (Kotrschal et al., unpublished data).
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In contrast to a learning trial, outcomes in confirmatory trials are usually limited to one or two clinical efficacy measures, such as lack of progression or cognitive improvement.
Each adoption in the social system is in a sense equivalent to a learning trial by an individual" [58, p.44].
If so, the choice of the motor training task in a combined NIBS motor learning trial might be a critical factor for the success of the therapy.
Parameters of interest include learning capacity (total words recalled in learning trials), and loss after delay (words recalled in Trial 5 − number recalled after delay).
The difference between numbers of words remembered in the learning trial versus the delayed recall was obtained as an estimation of forgetting.
For the decline of performance as a dependent variable (difference between performance in the last learning trial and the delayed trial, T6-T7), a 2 × 2 ANOVA (two pathology groups, two age groups) was performed.
However, the estimated neural change trial (26 in A, 19 in B) occurs after the IO 0.95) learning trial (25 in A, 9 in B) in both of these figures.
The latter included bees with spontaneous response in learning trial 1. Prior to the first and following the last CS-US pairing, bees were stimulated with cineole, an unrewarded odor (CS-) to distinguish between non odor-specific learning and acquisition of the specific CS-US pairing.
The curve in Figure 9A is one of the curves used by Smith et al. (2004) to compare the performance of different methods in estimating the learning trial.
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