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Two pairs of closely positioned singleton genes, one each on chromosome III and IV, and two clustered genes in a duplicated segment on chromosome IV (At4g49260, At4g49380), suggest ancient tandem or local duplication events that have already resulted in substantial gene diversification (<30% identity for each gene pair).
Six cows in early lactation (EL) and six cows in midlactation (ML) were assigned to blocks in a duplicated 6 × 6 Latin square design experiment.
A bigger challenge is to specify mutations that endow a new function, such as a lost functionality in a duplicated gene.
Genes that had the majority of their sequence in a duplicated region were considered duplicated genes.
The loss of a gene segment reported by Yu et al. (2008) was an artifact due to placing PCR primers in a duplicated gene, and the phenomenon of "tandem duplication-random loss" does not exist in the mt genome of C. hongkongensis.
Heminephrectomy remains an excellent option for a poorly functioning moiety in a duplicated collecting system.
A group of six fistulated sheep was used in a duplicated 3×3 Latin square design experiment.
Eight lactating cows were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 12-d periods.
Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment.
Six ruminally cannulated, multiparous Holstein cows in the postpartum period were used in a duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment balanced for carryover effects.
Eight rumen-fistulated Holstein dairy cows were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments.
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