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Following Zhang et al. (2013), to avoid edge effects and to improve imputation accuracy, within each 1-Mb haplotype, we imputed only the middle 100-kb segment while still retaining the markers in both 450-kb flanking regions (Li et al. 2010).
The trick is to separate the patterns produced by the scarcity of alphabetic resources (patterns to which meaning can be imputed only arbitrarily) from the patterns designed by an author.
The missing data of respondents were imputed only when a participant had completed the first questionnaire.
In all three methods values were imputed only for those missing due to loss to follow-up.
Just over half of the studies that imputed covariates imputed only one or two covariates (18 out of 34).
Moreover, missing values were imputed only if the exposure was known to have occurred in the relevant age period.
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In this situation, the MI approach with the multinomial logit model is not able to create sensible imputations, because it can impute only the two observed categories in the data.
Due to imputing only the less numerous set of unmeasured functional SNPs, the imputation module is much faster than the stand-alone DIST software.
While the current DISTMIX version imputes only one set of summary values, given that the most computer intensive part is the estimation of the correlation matrix, we believe that a future version simultaneously imputing Z-score for multiple traits is attainable with minimal effort.
We chose to impute only missing data we considered valid (eg, when a researcher had clearly reported the patient's language proficiency based on the interview), leaving us with 21 cases with at least one missing value in the most extensive multiple regression model and thus a complete case analysis with 1318 cases.
However, the signal captured by imputation is not, in fact, a signal at either of the causal SNPs, which have been well imputed but show only weak marginal effects, as expected.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com