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For each of the datasets imputed, level of genetic risk was introduced in the final model as an ordinal covariate; coefficients, standard errors, and Wald test p values of different variables were inferred according to the method of Little and Rubin (27 ).
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For the pollution levels estimated in the two decades before the MESA baseline exam, the imputed and directly observed PM10 levels are comparable, with the imputed levels slightly lower on average than the observed.
However, linear regression models using imputed educational level generated almost identical point estimates, with slightly narrower 95% confidence intervals, to those presented here for the complete case analysis (data not shown).
For those participants, we imputed a level equal to the limit of detection divided by the square root of 2 (Hornung and Reed 1990).
The authors evaluated the addition of imputed estradiol level to the previously published Rosner and Colditz log-incidence model for breast cancer risk prediction within the larger Nurses Health Studyy cohort.
We imputed AKI levels for patient without a creatinine measurement using multiple imputation [ 34- 36].
To compare and evaluate these approaches, we computed a scaled Root Mean Square Distance (RMSD) between observed and imputed plot-level BA and TD for 11 conifer species sampled in north-central Idaho.
We then calculated the serum 2-OHE1 : 16 α-OHE1 ratio using the imputed serum levels of 2-OHE1 and 16 α-OHE1.
In our primary analysis, we evaluated the addition of imputed estradiol levels to risk prediction models in the entire cohort.
The addition of imputed estradiol levels significantly improved risk prediction; the age-specific concordance statistic increased from 0.635 ± 0.007 to 0.645 ± 0.007 (P < 0.001) after the addition of imputed estradiol.
Using the imputed exposure levels for individual women, we also observed an inverted U-shape relation to risk, reflecting the tortilla consumption pattern (Table 4).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com