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In sensitivity analyses (intent-to-treat), the impact of missing values will be studied by using a range of imputed change scores for missing values, and by analysing those subjects who provide complete data.
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Using methods that imputed changes in medical expenditures from changes in utilization, the evaluations of Bank of America and CalPERS programs for seniors reported ROIs of approximately $5.00 to $1.00.
The data will be analysed on an intention to treat basis with all analyses including missing data by imputing change across time to be zero.
The different approaches for imputing missing GHb data did not change effect size, and adjustment for non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity also did not change effect size.
The prespecified methodology imputed a change variable (mTSS progression) in a patient by replacing status variables (mTSS) across patients.
Input-output analysis is invoked to impute the change in this bundle to technical change, a terms-of-trade effect and two types of efficiency change.
To be conservative, we assumed a correlation of 0.5 to impute missing change variance estimates in the primary analysis.
For one study with missing baseline, trial-end, and change SDs (32), values for change SD were imputed from the average change SD among the other RCTs included in the meta-analysis.
As suggested above, it seems conservative to suppose that the rate of evolutionary change with highest a priori likelihood should be the rate of change imputed by the neutral Brownian motion reconstruction, denoted σ in Equation 1.
Sensitivity analyses evaluated the change in overall study results by removing 1) the RCT by Kanders et al (32) that had imputed SDs for change in the outcome measurements and, in a separate analysis, 2) the RCT by Knopp et al (33) that had an inherently different intervention design (aspartame capsules were provided rather than LCSs in foods or beverages or as tabletop sweeteners).
The structural and morphological studies were done by means of EDX and SEM to investigate the structural change imputed by the clay incorporation and irradiation.
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