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Where fewer than 50% of items were missing for each scale for a participant, missing values were imputed as being the average for that scale from present data.
In order to produce conservative prevalence estimates and corresponding 95% CIs, studies reporting zero for the number of positives were imputed as being 0.5.
In the data set provided by the CDC (2009), levels < LOD were imputed as being the metal-specific LOD divided by the square root of 2 (Hornung and Reed 1990).
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As a consequence, 36 to 44% of the cost data were imputed, as was 22 to 26% of the outcome data.
Missing data values will be imputed as appropriate.
Missing outcome data will not be imputed, as it is difficult to make assumptions about the missingness of supermarket till receipt data, or the direction of the imputed values.
The average fraction of the 100 observations with X = 0 and missing Y that were imputed as 1 was 42% using Normal/allow, 0.7% using Normal/augment, and 0% using the bootstrap.
These patients' outcomes are often imputed as nonresponse, which is the same classification to which they were assigned in our effectiveness algorithm.
Observed and MMRM-imputed data were similar, as were data imputed by last observation carried forward (LOCF) (Additional file 1: Figure S3).
Observed DAS28 ESR) data and data imputed using MMRM were similar (Fig. 4a), as were data imputed using LOCF (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
Corresponding imputed values of X and X2 will not, in general, be consistent with one another, e.g. X may be imputed as 2 while X2 is imputed as 5.
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