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The data were imputed across the two waves, with a wave dummy included in the imputation model.
Seven SNPs (four genotyped, three imputed) across five loci exhibited suggestive evidence of association with PD2.
For SNPs imputed across all three studies, we selected the most significant SNP associated with type 2 diabetes.
For each participant, dental caries was assessed and genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) were genotyped or imputed across the entire genome.
Within this marker set, missing genotypes were imputed across founder lines using the haplotype clustering algorithm fastPHASEv1.3 as previously described (Tian et al. 2011).
SNPs were imputed across the LPP LD region using data from the 1000 Genomes Project (26) and from the GoNL (11) as reference panels.
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The sample sizes contributing to the analysis of chromosome X SNPs were lower due to limited overlap of directly typed SNPs across platforms (in the absence of imputed data across all studies).
If imputation was based on a selected reference set, imputation accuracies were also based on the Pearson correlation coefficient of each imputed SNP across test individuals, as well as on the Pearson correlation coefficient between imputed and observed genotypes for each test individual.
We chose to use imputed SNPs across chips, using IMPUTE v2 (48), but restricted analysis to well-imputed SNPs (info >0.8), likely to induce only small bias in coefficients.
Following these QC steps, 5,848,861 imputed SNPs across the four stage-1 cohorts remained for analysis (Supplementary Table 1).
As a result of this process, we had 30 complete data sets containing imputed values across 19 indicators and 103 countries (Additional file 1: Table S2).
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