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In addition, MICE can manage imputation of variables defined only on a subset of the data (e.g., pregnant women).
Since our purpose was to demonstrate methods of survival analysis, we chose not to complicate the analysis by imputation of variables other than survival time.
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We therefore resorted to re-sequencing of a limited number of bovine animals selected to explain a major proportion of the population's genomic variation, so called key animals, in order to provide a catalogue of functional variants and a substrate for population- and genome-wide imputation of variable sites.
The characteristics of the clusters provided by the results from each of these datasets were the same whether listwise deletion (n = 2770), imputation of continuous variables (n = 3190), or imputation of continuous and categorical variables (n = 3267) was used, demonstrating that listwise deletion did not bias the results.
Given the limited comparison of methods for handling limited-range variables to date, we undertook a systematic study into the imputation of such variables.
Hence, the process of handling different sources of missing data comprises two imputation procedures: a single imputation of background variables and a multiple imputation of latent person estimates (θ n ).
Our results suggest that ERGM-based imputation of edge variables is a viable approach to the analysis of complex studies such as Add Health, provided that care is used in understanding and accounting for the study design.
The table for the means of all measures in all of the 64 conditions for both single and nested imputation of background variables is provided in Additional file 1 (Table B1).
The imputation of missing variables did not affect the results.
It has been shown in the literature that imputation of outcome variables using the predictors under study minimizes bias in the relationship between predictor and outcome [ 42, 43].
9 However, a number of major health surveys such as the BRFSS and the National Health Interview Survey generally make use of imputation for variables related to the weighting process or a small number of other substantive variables.
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