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As the divergence time increases, a small internal reference panel results in increasingly more accurate imputation compared to the large external panel.
On the other hand, the proportion of ex-smokers was substantially lower in THIN both before and after imputation compared to the HSE.
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As to the missing data imputation, our results clearly showed that BPCAfill can obtain more accurate imputation compared to simply using the average score of the same algorithm (column-average).
The conventional method of assigning all cases with unknown stage proportionally to the known stages - which is equivalent to proportional sampling with only one imputation - has the additional drawback of single imputation compared to multiple imputation.
After a description of the variability present in the panels under study, we examine the general behavior of inferences in multiple imputation compared to more traditional methods that would not fully account for imputation uncertainty.
Effect sizes (log OR) in ASD analyses for individual measures were 12% higher for data with imputation compared to observed data only although standard errors were 7% higher compared to those expected from the increased sample size.
IMPUTE2 gave higher accuracies of imputation compared to Beagle and fastPhase.
At low r total 2, the observed imputation reliability deviated more from estimated r total 2. In particular, scenarios with a higher number of individuals showed larger observed imputation reliabilities compared to the estimated r total 2. Our objective was to investigate accuracy of imputation from the lower density SNP panels to whole-genome sequence data in Holstein Friesian cattle.
The estimated tumour stages, stage-specific numbers of cases and survival curves after multiple imputation were compared to the observed ones.
We are aware of no studies which examined the added value of using advanced probability-based imputation methods as compared to the WOMAC method.
Although our current work shows improvements in accuracy, we believe that the resulting models which are based on the MAR missingness assumption are less biased by the imputation technique as compared to the other commonly used methods.
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