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The technique of imputation at issue in the case fell "outside the expert understanding of 'sampling' as a technical term of art," Solicitor General Theodore B. Olson said in the government's brief.
For example, imputation at the Census tract level would randomly select one of the 13 tracts associated with zip code 21237 (Figure 1).
Imputation at this locus elevated prediction accuracy from 83.14% to 86.67%.
Multiple imputation at each time point is compatible with this attrition mechanism, as imputation at time point t is performed according to the observed or imputed covariate values at the same time point.
The quit rates based on multiple imputation at 6 and 12 months ranged from 55% to 68% depending on intervention group, follow-up time point, and outcome measure.
We use a coalescent framework to model genotype imputation at a nonrecombining genetic locus intended to represent a short region along a chromosome.
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Reference genotype probability data was run through BEAGLE and all markers with an R value (imputation quality at imputed marker) below 0.9 were removed from the original sequence data.
For each choice of reference panel, we evaluated imputation accuracy at the r imputed sites over the n/2 diploid genomes, applying a discordance metric.
Second, suppose the imputation model at stage 1 is correct but that at stage 2 is misspecified by leaving out the β23 X2 X3, β123 X1 X2 X3, and β5 X5 terms.
The empirical results show that using incomplete cases often increases the effectiveness of nearest neighbor imputation (especially at higher missingness levels), regardless of the type of missingness (i.e., the distribution of missing values in the data).
Further, imputation evaluated at the individual case level is essentially independent Bernoulli trials.
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