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Samples in the families containing bismuth or thallium always exhibit a great deal of atomic disorder, with atoms in the "wrong" crystallographic sites and with impurity phases.
Chrome brick is made from chromium ores, which are complex solid solutions of the spinel type (a series of oxide minerals including chromite and magnetite) plus silicate gangue, or impurity phases.
No impurity phases were detected.
No other impurity phases are observed.
No other apparent reflections originating from impurity phases were detected.
No traces of impurity phases have been revealed (Fig. 2).
No impurity phases were found in the XRD patterns of TiO2 NP samples.
No peaks of other impurity phases are detected from this pattern.
It can be inferred that those impurity phases are absent in the kesterite CZTS sample.
The absence of impurity phases indicates the successful doping of Sm3+ ions in the CaWO4 lattice.
No Cr3+ and F− impurity phases were found, and the spinel structure became more stable.
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