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The suggestions we provide in this article will likely contribute to an improved exposure modeling by providing ENM release estimates closer to reality.
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Improved exposure models are needed, as well as an understanding of their connection with ambient air quality models, especially if risks at seemingly low concentrations are to be accurately estimated.
The first is evaluation/calibration of exposure and/or pharmacokinetic models for improved exposure estimation.
Better understanding of personal PM exposures is needed to improve exposure assessment models used in epidemiological studies of PM effects.
The research community has focused considerable attention on analytical methods development (negative binomial models, simultaneous equations, etc.), on better experimental designs (before after studies, comparison sites, etc.), on improving exposure measures, and on model specification improvements (additive terms, non-linear relations, etc.).
To improve our exposure modeling, we focused on the northeastern and midwestern United States (63% of the total study population), an area with more uniformly distributed study population and monitors, and results may differ for other U.S. regions.
Collection of information on children's time activity patterns (time spent outdoors) and housing characteristics (e.g., use of air conditioning and level of ventilation) and advanced exposure modeling (LUR and kriging) may further improve exposure assessment.
Exposure modeling.
Land-use regression models can improve exposure assessment for TRAP.
We created national pollutant models from fixed-site monitoring data that incorporate satellite, geographic, and deterministic components and demonstrated that these models can improve exposure assessment over large geographic areas compared with approaches based solely on interpolation of fixed-site monitoring data.
Air quality modeling could potentially improve exposure estimates for use in epidemiological studies.
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