To improve device stability, intensive investigation on the degradation mechanism of ECPs is urgently needed.
Latest examples include the work by Durrant et al. where illumination with UV light during film processing is shown to improve device stability due to oligomerization of PCBM molecules [60].
Recently, engineering novel CTLs have received significant attention by researchers seeking to improve device stability to air and moisture exposure, solution process-ability at low temperatures, and to achieve desirable band structures in order to improve performance of the OPVs.
n, o Encapsulation could help to improve the device stability.
Moreover, the sandwich structure (PET/OTP/PMMA) could greatly improve the device stability and the network PD arrays easily stayed intact for one month of storage in air.
Molybdenum oxide (MoO3) has gained significant attention for improving device performance and stability in OSCs [81, 82, 83, 84].
Afterwards, the poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/poly- styrene-sulfonateto the substrate and was annealed at 150°C for 20 min, which could smooth the ITO surface and improved the device stability by hindering oxygen and indium diffusion through the anode.
They utilized MAPbI3 as a light harvester combined with the solid hole conductor 2,2′,7,7′, tetrakis(N,N-dimethoxy-phenyl-amine -9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) oN,N-dimethoxy-phenyl-amine -9,9′-spirobifluoreneramatically improviN,N-dimethoxy-phenyl-amine -9,9′-spirobifluoreneeN,N-dimethoxy-phenyl-amine -9,9′-spirobifluorene
Remarkably, devices containing 20%% of the (PCB 2C2 show significantly improved thermal device stability with a reduction in the PCE by 20%% occurring only after 2000 minutes.
In particular, the air-stable nature of graphenes makes them attractive for replacing PEDOT PSS in OSC transport layers to improve long-term device stability.
Additionally, encapsulation also improves the overall device stability which had been proven to be able to maintain 98% of its power conversion efficiency over 100 days.
