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After completion of the imprint stage, in the following withdrawing stage, the force first decreases precipitously, followed by a minor increase.
Consequently, the force in the imprint stage increases with fluctuations, which are caused by successive nucleation or emission events of dislocations.
After completion of the imprint stage, the master returns to its original position with the same constant velocity of 20 m/s in the following retraction stage.
In the imprint stage, the master moves downwards along the negative Y direction to penetrate into the substrate surface with a constant velocity of 20 m/s until a moving distance of 4 nm is reached.
In the imprint stage, the force is zero when the master approaches the substrate surface until a moving distance of 1.1 nm is reached, at which the force goes down to a negative value due to the adhesion effect between the master and the substrate.
In the initial period of the withdrawing stage, the release of applied stress by the master leads to depinning of the pre-existing dislocations generated in the imprint stage, which causes plastic strain recovery accompanied with the decrease of the force.
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The first period is the imprint forming stage at rotation angles from 0° to 130°, and the other period is the unloading and adhesion stages at rotation angles was larger than 130°.
The two-stage imprint process included the imprint forming with a rapid increase of imprint force and the unloading stage combined with the adhesion stage.
Figure 4b,c presents the side views of the patterned structures after completion of the imprint and withdrawing stages, respectively.
Here we show, using electrophysiological and behavioral experiments, that one-year-old lacustrine sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) can be imprinted around the stage of parr-smolt transformation (PST) by a single amino acid, 1 µM L-proline (Pro), or L-glutamic acid (Glu).
Bill Clinton said yesterday:"Pierre Trudeau opened a dynamic new era in Canadian politics and helped establish Canada's unique imprint on the global stage".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com