Numerical grid imprinting errors have often been observed in global atmospheric models on icosahedral grids.
We compared the quality of the parental sperm sample in the 17 cases where we identified imprinting errors.
Although it is clear that the in vitro culture of gametes can result in the altered regulation of imprinted genes, in this study we have identified another source of imprinting errors in ART, direct inheritance from the father's sperm.
AS is primarily caused by deletions, mutations, or imprinting errors of the UBE3A gene on chromosome 15, but 15% of AS cases have no identified genetic abnormality at this site.
Both genomic and epigenetic pathways have been suggested to explain the transmissible effects of environmental contaminants, including sperm DNA mutations, genomic instability, suppression of germ-cell apoptosis, and imprinting errors [ 48].
In this paper we analyse the sources of grid imprinting error related to the usual finite volume discretization of the divergence operator.
In another case, with spermatozoa showing both a maternal and a paternal methylation imprinting error (MEST DMR was methylated in 60% of the alleles and PLAGL1 in 20%, and H19 DMR was unmethylated in 90% of the alleles), a normal pregnancy was achieved with normal methylation (Kobayashi et al., 2007).
Both in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are associated with the increased risk of imprinting disorders and it is not clear at what point these imprinting errors arise.
In total, we identified 17 fetal samples with imprint methylation errors.
The pairwise sampling correlation between additive, dominance, imprinting and error variance are shown in Table S1.
