These features included its method of computing interest and its imposition of penalties for withdrawals from the cash fund.
The imposition of penalties should serve to deter firms from engaging in anti-competitive behaviour of this sort in future.
Until now, Mr. Langdon said, "the government has not aggressively used their imposition of penalties as a way of curtailing abusive transactions".
Practical proposals being debated include closer and earlier scrutiny of national budgets, and the imposition of penalties on countries that breach rules like the 3 percent budget deficit ceiling on gross domestic product.
Because in the past bankruptcy was coupled with the loss of civil rights and imposition of penalties upon fraudulent debtors, the designation bankrupt came to be associated with dishonesty, casting a stigma on persons who were declared bankrupts.
But trade experts said they did not think the act, which allows for the imposition of penalties on foreign companies for certain large investments in Iran, had ever been invoked.
The pressure on governments to demonstrate their anti-trafficking commitment through increased prosecutions has also resulted in unsafe convictions and the imposition of penalties that are disproportionate to the offence.
But the law that mandated creation of the report two years ago does not provide for imposition of penalties until next year, when countries judged not in compliance with certain minimum standards will face penalties in the form of withheld aid, and votes by the United States against loans from international organizations like the World Bank.
In the setting up of policies, procedures and penalties for plagiarism and academic dishonesty, it is necessary to have uniformity and consistency in both implementation and especially in the imposition of penalties.
Another way that many universities currently convey the seriousness of academic dishonesty to students is through the imposition of penalties ranging from a reduced grade to expulsion from a degree program.
Moreover the imposition of penalties in civil law and of punishments in criminal law need not bear any relation to the harm (if any) caused by the conduct for which the penalty or punishment is imposed.
