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Thus, a broad breadth of expression imposes selective constraints limiting the possible action of positive selection.
Drug resistance appears to be a simple case of adaptation via natural selection: The use of antimicrobials in medicine and agriculture imposes selective pressure on microorganisms, favoring the persistence and spread of bacteria with resistant phenotypes (MacLean et al. 2010a).
From an evolutionary perspective, diet is a limiting factor that imposes selective pressures on a population, much like other environmental factors.
The increase in lactate production observed in our study also demonstrates that clevudine imposes selective defects on mitochondria rather than overall cytotoxicity.
The introduction of anthropogenic chemicals into the environment imposes selective pressures that can foster evolution of novel pathways that allow microbes to access new sources of carbon, nitrogen, or phosphorus and/or to detoxify toxic compounds.
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Filters "impose selective restrictions on speech at the receiving end, not universal restrictions at the source," Justice Kennedy wrote.
The CRISPR-Cas9-induced cell death imposed selective pressure and enhanced the chance of concomitant integration of gene cassettes into all chromosomes of PCC 7942, hence accelerating the process of obtaining homogeneous and stable recombinant strains.
Although some studies are contradictory to these (35, 36), and other data suggest that cytotoxic T lymphocytes are capable of imposing selective pressure on HIV (37), results from a recent adequately powered study demonstrated that a first HIV infection reduces the risk of a subsequent infection by ~50% in high-risk Kenyan women (38).
The high density of crested auklet nesting sites can be expected to impose selective pressures on sensory mechanisms.
Proposition 31 would upset the balance of power in Sacramento in favor of the governor, who would get sweeping new authority to impose selective midyear budget cuts if expected revenues failed to materialize.
Increased efficiency of cellular functions may impose selective pressures on many factors beyond the amino acid sequences of the cell's proteome.
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