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Long-term exposure to metals imposes a selection pressure that favors the proliferation of microbes that are tolerant/resistant to this stress (Duruibe et al. 2007).
We provide evidence here that the genetic bottleneck imposes a selection bias for transmission of amino acids that are consensus in the cohort and are predicted to confer increased in vivo fitness on viruses in the newly infected, immunologically naïve recipient.
In 97% of tumor tissues genotyped, wt Trp53 allele was deleted, indicating that Rps27l depletion imposes a selection pressure against p53.
Increasing the frequency of resistant plants imposes a selection pressure and the CSS lesion size increases on both the resistant and the susceptible cultivar (Fig. 3C).
The adaptation to perturbation imposes a selection pressure and does not come as a fast response but rather as an evolved phenotypic outcome in a sloppy space [ 16 18].
Charbonnel and Pemberton [ 40] have suggested that infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta imposes a selection pressure in the Soay sheep of the island of Hirta in Scotland, and that this is reflected in the temporal divergence of the MHC genes over a relatively short period between 1988 and 2000.
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However, this approach has been criticized on the grounds that the sample may not be representative of whole society as such, imposing a selection bias (Janssens and Kraft 2012).
However, the cohort was established during 1990 2006, which may have imposed a selection of healthy survivors among the doctors.
The reduction in plant height for major crops after the "Green Revolution" imposed a selection force on accompanying weeds.
The inactivity of pollinating insects in such regions also imposed a selection pressure with similar consequences than for peach evolution [ 41].
It has been suggested that such residues may impose a selection pressure on the calf's intestinal microbiota if waste milk is ingested by the calf.
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