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The term refers to punitive sanctions of "any sort, administrative, by police action or otherwise," that are imposed on targeted groups for actions which they themselves didn't commit.
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Of course, the benefits of such a redesign in mitigating the effects of biased wage expectations and loss aversion must be weighed against the possible costs it might impose on targeting and allocative efficiency.
To assure sufficient heat removal capability of the divertor target against normal and transient operational scenarios under expected cumulative neutron dose of up to 13 dpa is one of the fundamental engineering challenges imposed on target design.
Criteria imposed on target selection included potential protein solubility, protein or domain size, and targets that lack homologs in eukaryotic organisms.
Besides, due to the limitations imposed on target velocities, the frequency shifts of interest are in the interval [−400,400] Hz, so we set f 0=−400 and J=64.
The White House said it was "the toughest sanctions regime ever imposed" on Tehran, targeting Iran and states that trade with it.
A second important complication is that fishing alters marine ecosystems in complex and pervasive ways that extend far beyond the direct mortality imposed on the target stock (Jennings and Kaiser 1998).
In the modified SMC, the control force is determined so as to meet conditions imposed on the target derivative of the Lyapunov function.
In the proposed algorithm, random disturbances are firstly artificially imposed on a target block section and the influences (RI) on the entire railway network are then calculated to evaluate the operational risk of this target block section.
In our framework, making a model in physics is regarded as a process in which various constraints (applied principles/laws and modeling assumptions) are imposed on the target system and its behavior.
His decision to cut the top rate of tax from 50p to 45p, and the taxes that he imposed on unlikely targets such as warm pasties and static holiday caravans, made it much harder for him to argue that everyone was feeling the pain evenly.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com