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For technical reasons having to do with the relative ease of manipulation of activity levels in vitro, most previous studies involving externally imposed alterations of activity were performed on developing neurons in culture systems.
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This simple scenario likely provides flexibility and robustness to deal with the environmental changes that impose alterations in the genetic programs during parasitic life cycle stages.
Such activity-dependent changes are interpreted to be homeostatic because the direction of the alterations are such that they appear to counteract the imposed change in activity, resulting in stabilization of firing rates within the appropriate ranges [2].
External forces are defined as newly imposed or alterations to existing disturbance(s) and climatic conditions.
As well as the slight structural alterations imposed by the chemical modification of the side chain, the inclusion of a sulfur atom in γ-thialysine affects the p Ka of the amino group of the residue, lowering its p Ka by about 1.15 pH units when compared with lysine.
Inexorable economic and social forces will gradually impose their alterations, and the bureaucracy and political system will adapt: they will have to, even if the aim is merely to keep everything the same.
The use of a large step size tends to increase robustness but impair quality by imposing more alterations to the speech signal.
Salinity obviously affects an organism's ability to osmoregulate; which physiologic limitation, in turn, restricts the distribution of species by imposing severe alterations in zooplankton structure and abundance at salinities higher than 1.2 g L−1 (Schallenberg et al. 2003).
Chronic HCV and HBV infection impose similar alterations on NK cell phenotype and function.
Depending on the patient's preoperative physiologic reserve and comorbid conditions, additional clinical challenges may impose further alterations in the stress response and, thus, the recovery trajectory.
Such factors may impose critical alterations in the key physiologic components of IBD pathogenesis during prenatal and/or pediatric development., One molecular process that can dynamically respond to nutritional changes in the gut mucosa is DNA methylation.
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