Also, intensified competition between collaborators lowers their prices and imposes downward pressure on non-collaborator's pricing strategy.
The expected end of Japan's crippling deflation owes a lot to the situation in China, which has ruthlessly imposed downward price pressure globally, with the biggest impact on export-dependent Japan.
Janet L. Yellen, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, predicted that the housing decline would probably continue and would impose "significant downward pressure" on consumer spending.
The transducer probe (circular, flat, diameter 3 mm) was placed in contact with the skin surface at the centre of the ES and imposed a downward force on the skin of 0.05 N. The material testing machine was programmed to quantify the upward displacement (mm) caused by the bulging of the ES during the test.
While it is clear that the troposphere can strongly influence the stratosphere, via the strong flux of upward-propagating waves generated at low altitudes, the idea that the stratosphere might be able to impose some form of downward control on the troposphere has been much less accepted, until recently (Kuroda and Kodera 1999; Baldwin and Dunkerton 1999; Song and Robinson 2004).
Constraint (11) imposes that the downward bound of the synergistic capability should be less than the lower limit of the system uncertainty set, and constraint (12) imposes that the upward bound of the synergistic capability should be more than the upper limit of the system uncertainty set.
There was scope to cut interest rates and revive its bond-buying programme if the economy lurches downward, or even impose negative interest rates.
To replicate the chronic effects of tendinopathy and rotator cuff tears more closely, a tendinopathic condition can be created by overuse, in which rats are run on downward-sloping treadmills to impose eccentric forces on the tendon.
During Lindsay's two terms, New York's downward spiral accelerated as he attempted to impose administrative order.
That means judges departing downward will be constrained by how much of a variance they can impose for the sentence to be considered reasonable by an appellate court.
