A similar treatment imposed bottlenecks of N = 1, but using daily alternating infections of PP and ERA hosts.
In general, labor-intensive visual evaluation of the electropherograms imposes bottlenecks on high-throughput expression analysis by electrophoretic methods including cDNA-AFLP [ 23].
Nevertheless, when applied to networking, they impose critical bottlenecks since they do not provide suitable mechanisms to orchestrate the utilization of the underlying resources.
While licensed workers gain huge benefits from imposing these government-imposed bottlenecks, the costs for job-seekers, consumers and the wider economy are great.
While we have reached a point at which functional materials such as indium may impose a bottleneck on further growth if consumption rates continue, there is also a staggering amount of physical electronic waste that results from the creation, maintenance and discarding of the micro-electronic components of macro infrastructures.
Last, two additional treatments imposed differing bottlenecks (i.e., N = 10, 10, 10, and 10) that increased or decreased in size.
This last evolutionary phenomenon is very likely to have taken place in our evolution experiment, as the experimental procedure of serial transfers by mechanical inoculation imposed narrow bottlenecks.
The introduction of the concept of breed in the 19th century led to human-oriented selection imposing strong bottlenecks, which created population demes based on phenotypes.
Furthermore, the action of the immune system and antimicrobial treatments impose further population bottlenecks that may help to maintain social traits in microbial pathogens.
This small number of incubating males imposes a bottleneck on available parental care, further obscuring paternity from rheas and researchers alike.
