Justice Kennedy laid out for all to see that the sole purpose of this law was to "impose a disadvantage, a separate status, and a stigma upon all who enter into same-sex marriages... " For those living in DOMA's shadow, those words were extraordinarily validating.
Grant Lamond suggests that the wrongness of wrongful coercion derives from the fact that it involves a "proposal deliberately to impose a disadvantage on another" (Lamond 2000, 49).
Thus, suppose there were some society and historical context such that a) the length of one's thumb determined membership in some salient social group, b) it was wrong to impose a disadvantage on a person based on membership in a certain thumb-length group, and c) the wrongness was due to the fact that the imposition was based on membership in the thumb-length group.
DOMA's avowed purpose and practical effect are to impose a disadvantage, a separate status, and so a stigma upon all who enter into same-sex marriages made lawful by the unquestioned authority.
In the DOMA decision, Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by the four liberal justices, said the purpose of the federal law was to impose a disadvantage and "a stigma upon all who enter into same-sex marriages".
Discrimination imposes a disadvantage on certain persons relative to others, and those who are treated more favorably are not to be seen as victims of discrimination.
Such examples of discrimination are ones which the agent performs with the aim of imposing a disadvantage on persons for being members of some salient social group.
In other words, direct discrimination imposes a disadvantage on a person for a reason that is not a good one, viz., that the person is a member of a certain salient social group.
In between, there was the usual array of speeches, appearances and interviews that have taken over her life since June 26 , 2013 when the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in United States v. Windsor that the federal Defense of Marriage Act imposed "a disadvantage, a separate status, and so a stigma upon all who enter into same-sex marriages".
A previous study [ 18] has shown that in a spatial replicator system with complex formation, a deleterious mutation that destroys both catalytic and template activity of replicators imposes a great disadvantage to parasitic replicators because of the effective dilution of the system by inert molecules.
