For example, the Ppp2r2c transcript, encoding an important activator of β-catenin (CTNNB1) transcriptional activity (Gordon and Nusse 2006), was increased in WT uteri by E2, as well as by BPA and HPTE, but was not changed in KIKO mice by any of the treatments.
Another enzyme called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), a mediator of programmed necrosis activated by oxidative stress, is an important activator of caspase-independent cell death (Zhang et al. 1994).
IFN-γ, produced predominantly by activated CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and NK cells in response to IL-12 signaling, is an important activator of macrophages that enhances their microbicidal activity against intracellular pathogens [ 25, 26].
(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP) activity has been shown to be an important activator of caspase-independent apoptosis and involved in the release of AIF, which eventually leads to high molecular weight DNA fragmentation, MOMP and the release of cytochrome c [37].
Interestingly, PPARα is an important activator of fatty acid catabolism and may be activated not only by AMPK, but also by fatty acids, fibrates, and eicosanoids [ 48].
In contrast, IFN-gamma had no suppressive effect on calgranulin A or calgranulin B. IFN-gamma is an important activator of the STAT1 pathway and we confirmed an active signaling pathway in the cell lines that responded to IFN-gamma treatment.
As ROS is an important activator of TAp73, we strived to investigate how WA-induced ROS activates TAp73 in cancer cells and whether TAp73 contributes to cell killing facilitated by WA.
Since it has been demonstrated that cathepsin L could be an important activator of DPPI from its precursor form in vitro [24], the enzymatic activity of CD8+ T cells from NOD mice was examined.
In aggregates, these results suggest that, like TRIM24, TRIM28 is also an important activator of AR chromatin binding and transcriptional regulation of target genes.
Detailed phylogenetic analyses showed that Hd1 is the sole ortholog of Arabidopsis CONSTANS COO), which is also an important activator of FT [26].
