Table 7 Trade liberalization, industry concentration and female employment Independent variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Tariff Import penetration Export share Trade openness index Industry penetration Tariff Import penetration Export share Trade openness index Industry penetration Conc.
Table 6 Trade liberalization, industry concentration and the inter industry gender wage gap Independent variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Tariff Import penetration Export share Trade openness index Industry penetration Conc.
The "globalization" test noted in the text included the import share of gross domestic product in the VAR and, in a separate test, the sum of import and export shares.
Relying on the import or export shares alone to determine whether an industry is a net importer or a net exporter might therefore be misleading.
In addition, Schweri and Müller ([2008]) show that a firm's the degree of internationalization (defined by foreign ownership, foreign investors, and the import and export shares) not only decreases the probability of training, but also the training intensity.
For the export and import intensity, defined as export share in total production and import share in total composite demand, textile, office, and machinery have high share in both export and import intensity, which reveals that these commodities are highly export-oriented, while domestic market is mostly satisfied by imported goods.
Structural indicators related to import penetration, foreign export shares, and the three measures of remoteness play a similar role in the long run.
Additionally, the shares of import, export and re-export of goods transported by Rwandan vehicles in 2006 were 40%, 388 %and22%2 % respectively, indicating dominance of foreign registered and predominantly RHD vehicles in regional transportation of goods [15].
The agricultural import share is two times higher than the export share.
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