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By the early 21st century, agriculture contributed roughly one-eighth of export earnings and about one-tenth of gross domestic product, while manufacturing accounted for virtually all the rest; the share of import expenditures for machinery, components, and raw materials, moreover, had increased from less than half to more than three-fourths.
The parameter (θ i ) is the conditional marginal expenditure share on orange imports from supplier i in the total import expenditures of the importing market.
They constitute much of the world's food consumption, generate income to farmers and represent the largest portion of food import expenditures across the world.
This might be expected to contribute to a greater stability in export revenues and food import expenditures, although changes in quantities also contribute to instability in these flows.
Food import expenditures were increasing in all countries in the decade 1985-1994, withethexceptionof of Bangladesh, Egypt and India.
Table 7 shows that in 1995-2000, 14 of the 23 countries had a food ratio less than one, indicating that agricultural export earnings exceeded food import expenditures; in the remaining nine countries, food import expenditures exceeded agricultural export earnings (Perus ratio would fall below one if exports of fish products were included).
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Due to the unavailability of reliable data on import prices from each supplier, the unit import value, calculated as import expenditure divided by imported quantity, was used as a proxy for import prices.
Firstly, it is under pressure to produce more food to help reduce food import expenditure, which is very high for the region.
In 2008, automobile imports accounted for more than 10% of Ukraine's total import expenditure, suggesting that the measure will have a politically and economically significant impact, even in its "watered-down" form.
In 2005, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion.
A useful indicator of food import capacity is the share of food import expenditure in total exports of goods and services.
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