Noticeably, this effect became apparent only 18 24 months after worm treatment, which was expected as it implied the induction of an Ig class switch in B-lymphocytes [2].
The poplar drought response also implied the induction of genes related to cell rescue, including detoxification and chaperone-like activities (peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans-isomerase, heat shock protein, dnaJ).
In many cases, this implies the induction of neutralizing antibodies directed against major surface proteins of the pathogen.
This observation, which was also not observed in MCF-10A acini expressing ΔRaf-1 ER [ 12, 45], implies the induction of proteolytic processes by aberrant Raf signaling.
Transitional changes detected in our study imply the induction of protein biosynthesis in the heart of hibernating black bears and suggest an adaptive mechanism that reduces cardiac atrophy during prolonged fasting.
Here, we speculate that CRM may mediate their broad health-improving effects by triggering the same molecular pathways that usually are elicited by long-term caloric restriction or short-term starvation and that imply the induction of autophagy as an obligatory event conferring organismal, organ- or cytoprotection.
The recovery of these cilia at later stage could reflect a gradual increase in the levels of Gli activity in igu mutants, as implied by the induction of ectopic MFFs in the myotome [ 19, 20].
The predominant life history mode, as the name gall midge implies, involves the induction of gall structures on various plant tissues followed by larval feeding and development within the galls.
Furthermore, these results imply that the induction of effective long-lived T-cell memory, which requires that antiviral functional capacities are preserved over time, may depend on the presence of persistent antigen.
This finding implies that the induction of coagulation by S. pneumoniae serves to protect the bacteria against cationic antimicrobial components, most likely innate host defense peptides, and thus can be considered a novel virulence mechanism.
Furthermore, the instruction for a T cell to express surface CTLA-4 2 days after the onset of the activation requires less than 12 hours of T cell stimulation, implying that the induction of CTLA-4 surface expression and its function can happen at distinct sites in the body.
