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Unlike most studies of fuel treatment effectiveness, our study design included replication and implicitly controlled for variation in topography and weather.
The design goal was to obtain the CRP so that the thermal limits and shutdown margin would satisfy the design requirement and the cycle length, which is implicitly controlled by the axial power distribution, would be acceptable.
In the criterion of the real MAC channel efficiency, TCP adjusts the transmission rate, which is implicitly controlled by the congestion window and the flow of TCP ACKs to maintain the virtual TCP channel efficiency to be close to the real MAC channel efficiency.
The column labeled "Raw Industry Wage Differential" is the estimated value of κ∗∗, controlling for all of the characteristics in X as well as the observable non‐time‐varying characteristics that are (implicitly) controlled by D, using the same specifications as in AKM but our newer estimation method.
In other words, such an analysis removes the variation between individuals in risk factors for cardiac disease and thus fixed confounders are implicitly controlled for.
We implicitly controlled for biophysical variables, such as area and climate, by including a variable that is highly correlated with them, namely the total number of plant and vertebrate species (again, in 2004).
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Third, we used within-group permutation tests to assess the statistical significance of brain activity pattern clustering, which implicitly controls for differences in group size.
Since the FE-estimator is based on a sample of firm stayers and, hence, implicitly controls for firm-fixed effects, time-invariant personnel policies do not seem to have an important effect on the observed union membership vacation differential.
For these parameters, a key feature of our approach is that for all the statistics that involve female labour market outcomes, we implicitly control the self-selection process that is operative in our model.
Cox-regression models also implicitly control the effect of ageing.
Cases are used as their own controls in non-risk periods, thus implicitly controlling for all fixed confounders [ 13, 14].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com