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Exposures were decomposed using the Sheppard et al. (2005) mean-centering approach to implicitly adjust for potential confounding and mismeasurement of exposure by study phase and retirement community (see Supplemental Material, pp. 2 3).
Such analyses implicitly adjust for many potential confounders, e.g., body mass index and health behaviors that are not captured, or are poorly captured, in most health services databases, and thus may be the optimal perspective for assessing the relationship of fluoroquinolone exposure to RD.
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The analysis was conducted within years; implicitly adjusting for long-term trends.
In other words, the generation effect was assumed implicitly adjusted for by other year effects in the model.
Age, sex, and height were implicitly adjusted for in spirometry measure models through the use of percent predicted measures (Rachinsky and Tatochenko 1988; Shiryaev 1978).
The SCCS design, which is emerging as a primary method for assessing safety of vaccines, overcomes these challenges by implicitly adjusting for all fixed confounding variables, since individuals serve as their own controls, and only requiring data on observed cases.
This is an internally controlled method whereby analyses are carried out only in patients with the outcome of interest, which has the advantage of implicitly adjusting for all measured and unmeasured fixed confounding variables within patients and so reduces residual confounding and indication bias [ 20, 21].
This modeling approach properly adjusts for age- and sex- specific effects on BMI growth in children, provides an effective mechanism for assessing effects of risk factors on BMI level and growth, and also implicitly adjusts for baseline levels of BMI.
Subsequent analyses adjust endometrial mortality for attained age and time since diagnosis of endometrial cancer, and thus implicitly also adjust for age at diagnosis.
Logistic models of perinatal death which adjust for gestational age or birth weight implicitly use the conventional denominators and provide an average of the opposing gestational age- or birth weight-specific effects of race and maternal smoking on mortality.
Finally, by using the sero-incidence data to infer the infection attack rate, we are implicitly assuming that by "infection" we mean infection with detectable antibody response, since we did not adjust for test sensitivity.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com