Surprisingly they are distinct from the peptidergic and aminergic systems in the hypothalamus that have been identified in studies of the laboratory mouse and rat and implicated in timing meal intervals and in short-term responses to caloric restriction.
In particular, a pair of methylmalonyl CoA mutase (mcm) genes involved in polyketide precursor biosynthesis, an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase implicated in timing of actinorhodin synthesis and bldB, a developmentally significant regulator whose mutation causes complete abrogation of antibiotic synthesis belong to this category.
Very recently, Rpd3L-C proteins were implicated in replication timing events in yeast [ 52], so a plausible explanation for epistasis between these complexes could be based on the coordination of DNA replication or the regulation of gene expression or both.
Since the basal ganglia system is implicated in interval timing, we predicted stereotyping starlings would show altered timing functions as a result of the basal ganglia dysfunction: perseverative pecking would lead to timing functions that were broader and shifted to longer intervals.
The timing of the negative EB nadir has been implicated in the timing of first ovulation [ 22, 23] that occurs on average 30 days postpartum [ 19, 20].
Although several environmental cues have been implicated in the timing of mass spawning, the specific sensory cues that function together with endogenous clock mechanisms to ensure accurate timing of gamete release are largely unknown.
The Malat-and-Muldoon duo was so hot that two other firms implicated in the timing scandal Bear Stearns and Prudential tried to recruit them.
The striatum, a brain structure known to be involved in reinforcement learning and decision making (Lau and Glimcher, 2008; Samejima et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2015), has been implicated in interval timing by several lines of evidence (Hinton and Meck, 2004; Harrington et al., 2009; Wencil et al., 2010; Malapani, 1998; Meck, 2006).
Climate change was also implicated in the seasonal timing (phenology) of reproductive cycles in some groups of organisms.
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) [bis(3′,5′ -cyclic diguanylic acid] is a prokaryotic cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that has been implicated in determining the timing and amplitude of complex biological processes from biofilm formation and virulence to photosynthesis.
In addition to its role at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition it has been shown that the SAC components Mad2 and BubR1 are implicated in the correct timing of prometaphase length.
