Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor [TNF]a, interleukin [IL]-1b, and IL-6 are produced primarily by glia within the CNS and are implicated in the developing and adult brain in synaptic scaling, long-term potentiation, and neurogenesis.
As a neuronal guidance molecule, netrin-1 has been implicated in the developing brain Previous studies have found high expression levels of netrin-1 in the intestine, including in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Netrin-1 has been implicated in immune functions At present, the functional role of netrin-1 in IBD is unknown.
ZBTB20 has an important role in the developing hippocampus, a region previously implicated in the development of MDD.
Smoking is implicated in the rise of HNSCC in developing countries, and the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) is emerging as an important factor in the rise of oropharyngeal tumours affecting non-smokers in developed countries2.
Finally, vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in the likelihood of developing a variety of autoimmune diseases including insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and inflammatory bowel disease [53], [54], [57].
RRRAA or ESRRAL have been implicated in the susceptibility to develop RA.
The aim of this work is to examine the possibility that rare alleles of HRAS1 minisatellite are implicated in the predisposition to develop early-onset breast cancer.
38, 41 This may be analogous to the overlapping pathogenetic pathways underlying obesity and type 2 diabetes, where the fat mass and obesity-associated gene has been implicated in the propensity to developing both obesity and diabetes.
Cases and controls were first compared with regard to the distribution profile of clinical aspects potentially implicated in the risk of developing cancer and that could interfere as confounding factors on the analysis of the risk associated to PTGS2 SNPs (Table 4).
There are several implications for the finding that certain HLA alleles and, most strikingly, particular haplotypes that are implicated in the susceptibility to develop PsA contribute differentially and often additively to the magnitude of different traits comprising the phenotype of PsA [ 2].
