The sequestration of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes deep in micro-vasculature is implicated in malaria pathology [1] [3].
Regional and international travel and migration patterns have also been implicated in malaria incidence across the globe, including reports of so-called airport malaria, refugee outbreaks, and cases in migrant populations (9 – 12 ).
Unlike IgM, IgG and IgE, which are implicated in immune evasion [ 6], placental malaria [ 7] and severe malaria respectively [ 8], IgA has not been implicated in malaria pathology, arguing for its consideration in Ab therapy.
Also, CBA/J mice appeared to mount a gradual response that may be involved in CM pathogenesis, while C57BL/6 mice may mount two waves of transcriptional responses both of them potentially implicated in malaria pathogenesis.
We measured the soluble forms of ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) and the TGF-β receptor endoglin (s-endoglin), which have both been shown to be increased in severe malaria [18], [19], and soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), which has been implicated in placental malaria [20].
Thus, the experimental model here described may offer new opportunities to investigate the mechanisms implicated in placental malaria and in pregnancy outcome impairments, which are difficult to study in human subjects.
Interestingly, most of the cytokines implicated in exacerbating malaria pathogenesis are not expressed in polychromatophilic or early orthochromatic cells: ccl3 (mip1a), ccl4 (mip1b), ccl5 (rantes), ifngamma, il12, il3, il4, il4r, il6, il1b, tnfalpha, tnfsf10 (trail).
punctimacula Dyar mosquitoes, which were otherwise not implicated in highland malaria transmission during the 1940s in Ecuador (18 ).
For example, certain pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in driving malaria virulence are also associated with gametocyte killing (Naotunne et al. 1991 , 1993.
Furthermore, P- and E-Selectins, which are highly upregulated in the brain and implicated in cerebral malaria during P. berghei infection, are not expressed on endothelial cells from liver sinusoids (Combes et al., 2004; Aird, 2007a,b 2007a,b
Chart review and interviews indicated that neither patient had glucose monitoring by glucometer, blood transfusions, common infusions such as contrast material, or a needlestick injury report, all events that have been previously implicated in nosocomial malaria.
