Epistasis has been widely documented and implicated in the evolution of species barriers and the evolution of genetic architecture.
For example, altered expression of Msx genes has been implicated in the evolution of direct development in sea urchins [ 20] and caudal fin elaboration of male sword-tailed fishes [ 21].
The process has been clearly demonstrated in a wide variety of organisms [ 1, 2], and is implicated in the evolution of celebrated instances of extreme sexual dimorphism, e.g., elongated tail feathers [ 3] and bright coloration [ 4] in birds, exaggerated horns and spikes on insect genitalia, and bizarre modifications on male arthropod appendages [ 5].
The accumulation of (GATA n repeats in one chromosome pair could be implicated in the evolution of a pair of proto-sex chromosomes.
For example, the posterior (5′) Hox genes including paralog groups (PGs) Hox13, Hox12, and Hox11 have been implicated in the evolution of a variety of tetrapod novelties such as the autopod/thumb in humans (Shubin et al. 1997), flippers in cetaceans (Wang et al. 2009), and genital/urogenital organs in various tetrapods (Warot et al. 1997; Lynch et al. 2008; Sifuentes-Romero et al. 2010).
An increasing number of genes have been implicated in the evolution of breast cancer, and this list is expected to expand with the development of new genomics tools.
Here, aprotinin has been suggested to suppress the transcription of genes which have been implicated in the evolution of the postischemic inflammatory response [13], [14].
Therefore the characterisation of these comparably variable domains in bats and other species, the former of which also contains two amino acids implicated in the evolution of human language [5], should also to help assess further the potential role and evolutionary significance of FoxP2 in sensorimotor integration and rapid motor learning.
A gene implicated in the evolution of human language may have also helped bats make sounds of their own.
Gene duplication has been implicated in the evolution of transcription factors that play key roles in developmental pathways and are likely involved in morphological evolution [ 3, 4].
